Integrated Strategies to Enhance Lipid Productivity in Microalgae for Sustainable Biodiesel Production

Fozy Binhweel; Abdalah Makaranga; Mardiana Idayu Ahmad; Pannaga Pavan Jutur; Nor Hawani Salikin; Mohammad Aliff Shakir

doi:10.65582/gti.2026.011

Authors

Fozy Binhweel School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; Faculty of Environmental Science and Marine Biology, Hadhramout University, Hadhramout, Yemen. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-0725
Abdalah Makaranga Omics of Algae Group, Industrial Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
Mardiana Idayu Ahmad School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1412-3119
Pannaga Pavan Jutur Omics of Algae Group, Industrial Biotechnology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7988-2883
Nor Hawani Salikin School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6531-9747
Mohammad Aliff Shakir School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3137-4446

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65582/gti.2026.011

Keywords:

Microalgae, Lipid Enhancement, Biodiesel Production, Genetic Engineering, Transesterification

Abstract

Microalgae have emerged as a promising third-generation feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production due to their rapid growth, high photosynthetic efficiency, and ability to grow on non-arable land without competing with food resources. However, their relatively low natural lipid content remains a critical challenge for commercial-scale biodiesel viability. This review presents a comprehensive overview of integrated strategies to enhance lipid productivity in microalgal biomass, including optimization of cultivation media under nutrient stress, nanoparticle-mediated stimulation, and genetic engineering interventions. Recent advancements in cell wall disruption and lipid extraction techniques are also discussed, alongside the development of in situ transesterification to improve biodiesel conversion efficiency. Furthermore, a techno-economic analysis highlights the potential and limitations of these approaches in industrial applications. By integrating biological, chemical, and engineering innovations, this paper underscores the viability of microalgae as a renewable and scalable source for biodiesel, contributing toward global energy sustainability.

Author Biography

Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author

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